Abbrev. S, Ser
Full Name Serine
Side chain type hydrophilic
Mass 105.09
pl 5.68
pK1(α-COOH) 2.19
pK2(α-+NH3) 9.21
Side chain -CH2OH
Hydro- phobic no
Polar yes
Charged no
Small yes
Tiny yes
Aromatic or Aliphatic no
van der Waals volume 73
Codon UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU,AGC
Occurrence in proteins (%) 6.8
Remarks: Serine and threonine have a short group ended with a hydroxyl group. Its hydrogen is easy to remove, so serine and threonine often act as hydrogen donors in enzymes. Both are very hydrophilic, therefore the outer regions of soluble proteins tend to be rich with them.
Serine, organic compound, one of the 20 amino acids commonly found in animal proteins. Only the L-stereoisomer appears in mammalian protein. It is not essential to the human diet, since it can be synthesized in the body from other metabolites, including glycine. Serine was first obtained from silk protein, a particularly rich source, in 1865. Its name is derived from the Latin for silk, sericum. Serine's structure was established in 1902.
The synthesis of serine and glycine starts with the oxidation of 3-phosphoglycerate forming 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate and NADH. A transamination reaction with glutamic acid forms 3-phosphoserine and removal of Pi yields serine.
Serine is important in metabolism in that it participates in the biosynthesis of purines and pyrimidines, cysteine, tryptophan (in bacteria), and a large number of other metabolites.
When incorporated into the structure of enzymes, serine often plays an important role in their catalytic function. It has been shown to occur in the active sites of chymotrypsin, trypsin, and many other enzymes. The so-called nerve gases and many substances used in insecticides have been shown to act by combining with a residue of serine in the active site of acetylcholine esterase, inhibiting the enzyme completely. Without the esterase activity that usually destroys acetylcholine as soon as it performs its function, dangerously high levels of this neurotransmitter build up, quickly resulting in convulsions and death.
As a constituent (residue) of proteins, its side chain can undergo O-linked glycosylation. This might be important in explaining some of the devastating consequences of diabetes. It is one of three amino acid residues that are commonly phosphorylated by kinases during cell signalling in eukaryotes. Phosphorylated serine residues are often referred to as phosphoserine. Serine proteases are a common type of protease.
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