Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides | Sugar | Disaccharide | Oligosaccharide | Polysaccharide | Starch | Glycogen | Gluconeogenesis
Lipids: Fatty Acids | Fatty Acid Degradation | Fatty Acid Synthesis | Triglyceride | Waxes | Lipoprotein | Phospholipids | Cholesterol
Nucleic acids: DNA | DNA replication | Mitochondrial DNA | RNA | mRNA | tRNA | Non-coding RNA | siRNA | RNA Degradation | Codon | Adenin | Cytosine | Guanine | Thymine | Uracil | Oligonucleotides
Proteins: Amino acid | Peptide | Primary structure | Secondary structure | Tertiary structure | Protein folding | Protein Degradation
List of standard amino acids: Alanine | Cysteine | Aspartate | Glutamate | Phenylalanine | Glycine | Histidine | Isoleucine | Lysine | Leucine | Methionine | Asparagine | Proline | Glutamine | Arginine | Serine | Threonine | Valine | Tryptophan | Tyrosine
Functional groups: Alcohol | Aldehyde | Alkane | Alkene | Alkyne | Amide | Amines | Azo compound | Toluene derivative | Carboxlate | Carboxylic acid | Cyanates | Ether | Ester | Haloalkane | Imine | Isocyanide | Isocyanates | Ketone | Nitrile | Nitro compoun | Nitroso compound | Peroxide | Benzene derivative | Phosphoric acid ester | Pyridine derivative | Sulfone | Sulfonic acid | Sulfoxide | Thiol
Periodic Table: Standard table | List of elements by atomic number
Bonds: Covalent | Non-covalent | Ionic bond | Hydrogen bond | Van der Waals attractions | Hydrophobic forces
Hydrophilicity: Hydrophilic | Hydrophobic | Polarity
pH: pH | Acid | Alkaline | Base
Redox: Reduction and oxidation | Citric acid cycle | Hydrolysis
In cells: Overview | Actin | Intermediate filament | Microtubule | Flagellin | Peptidoglycan | Myelin | Myosin
In animals: Chitin | Keratin | Collagen | Silk
In plants: Cellulose | Lignin | Cell wall
Enzymes: Etymology and history | 3D Structure | Thermodynamics | Kinetics | Inhibition | Metabolic pathways and allosteric enzymes | Enzyme-naming conventions
Examples: Ubiquitin | Kinase | Dehydrogenase | Proteasome
Structure: Fluid mosaic model | Detailed Structure
Membrane Components: Phospholipids | Sphingomyelin | Glycolipid | Glycocalix | Cholesterol | Antigen
Movement of Molecules: Diffusion | Osmosis | Electrochemical gradient | Membrane permeability
Passive transport: Facilitated diffusion | Ion channel
Active transport: ATP-Dependent Na/K Pump | V-ATPase | Proton pump | Electron transport | Antiporter | Symporter | Exocytosis | Endocytosis
Cellular respiration: Aerobic respiration | Theoretical yields | Anaerobic respiration | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | NADH | Flavin (FAD) | Pyruvate | Oxalate | Citrate
1. Glycolysis: Preparatory phase | Pay-off phase | Entry of sugars | Control of flux | Energy pay-off | Follow-up | Intermediates for other pathways | High aerobic glycolysis | Alternative nomenclature | Oxidative decarboxylation
2. Krebs cycle/Citric Acid cycle
Mitochondrion: Functions | Reproduction and gene inheritance | Use in population genetic studies | Origin | Electron transport
Anaerobic respiration: Fermentation | Acetyl-CoA | Lactic acid | Ethanol fermentation
Photosynthesis: Plant photosynthesis | Photosynthesis in algae and bacteria | Discovery | Molecular production | Bioenergetics | Factors affecting photosynthesis | Light reaction | Dark reaction | Carbon Fixation | Calvin cycle
Pigments: Pigments | Chlorophyll | Carotenoids | Xanthophyll | Cytochrome | Phycobilin | Bacteriorhodopsin
Oxygen carriers: Hemoglobin | Myoglobin
Signals: Types of signals | Transmembrane receptors | Ion channel | Structure of transmembrane receptors | Integrin
Intracellular signalling: Signal Amplification | Second messenger | Nuclear receptors | Calcium
Protein phosphorylation: Kinases | Serine/threonine-specific protein kinases | Protein kinase A | Protein kinase C | Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases | MAP kinases | Mos/Raf kinases | Tyrosine-specific protein kinases | Histidine-specific protein kinases | Phosphatase | Calmodulin
G-Protein: G-protein-coupled receptors | GTPase
Hormons: Epinephrine | Norepinephrine | Peptide hormones | Insulin | Glucagon | Steroid Hormones | Cortisol | Testosterone | Eicosanoids | Growth factor | Auxin | Endocrine system
Molecular Biology: Gene | Genetic code | Gene expression | Protein biosynthesis | Transcription factor | Activator | Coactivator | Enhancer | Promoter | Splicing | Intron | Exon | Alternative splicing
Electrophoresis | Chromatography | Mass spectrometry | X-ray crystallography | Southern blot | Fractionation | Gram stain | Absorption spectrum | Action spectrum | Fluorescence
___________________